Description
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
MODULE 1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
UNIT 1
CONCEPT OF THE ENVIRONMENT; COMPONENTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT …………………. 1
1.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.1 Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Concepts of the environment; components of the environment ………………. 2
1.3 Definition …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
1.4 Earth Science ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
1.5 Geological Activity ……………………………………………………………………………………. 3
1.6 Water on Earth …………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
1.6.1 Oceans ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
1.6.2 Rivers ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3
1.6.3 Streams …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
1.6.4 Lakes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
1.6.5 Ponds ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
1.7 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
1.8 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
1.9 Tutor Marked Assignment ……………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.10 References and Further Readings ……………………………………………………………. 5
UNIT 2
CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE ENVIRONMENT ……………………………………………………………….. 6
1.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
2.1 Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
2.2 Atmosphere, Climate and Weather …………………………………………………………. 7
2.3 Atmospheric Layers …………………………………………………………………………………. 7
2.4 Principal Layers ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
2.5 Other Layers ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
2.6 Effects of Global Warming ………………………………………………………………………. 8
2.6.1 Climate ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
2.6.2 Weather ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9
2.6.3 Life ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 10
2.6.4 Ecosystems ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
2.6.5 Biomes ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
2.6.6 Biogeochemical cycles ……………………………………………………………………………. 11
2.6.7 Wilderness ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 12
2.6.8 Challenges ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 12
2.6.9 Goals ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
2.7 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
2.8 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
2.9 Tutor Marked Assignment ……………………………………………………………………. 14
2.10 References …………………………………………………………………………………………… 14
MODULE 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15
UNIT 3
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION AND ITS CONSEQUENCES …………………………………….. 15
3.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 15
3.1 Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15
3.2 Environmental degradation ……………………………………………………………………. 15
3.3 Water Deterioration ………………………………………………………………………………. 16
3.4 Climate Change and Temperature …………………………………………………………. 17
3.5 Climate Change and Precipitation ………………………………………………………….. 17
3.6 Population Growth …………………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.7 Agriculture …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
3.8 Water Management ………………………………………………………………………………. 19
3.9 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
3.10 Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
3.11 Tutor Marked assignment ………………………………………………………………………. 20
3.12 References/Further Readings …………………………………………………………………. 20
UNIT 4
EFFECT OF CLIMATE FACTORS ON FARM ANIMALS (SURVIVAL, PERFORMANCE AND
PRODUCTIVITY)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
4.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 21
4.1 Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
4.2 Effects of Climate Factors on Farm animals (survival, performance and productivity)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 21
4.3 Suggested livestock management strategy to be adopted under climatic change
scenario
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 23
4.4 Other coping strategy adopted by farmers ………………………………………………….. 24
4.5 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25
4.6 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 25
4.7 Tutor Marked Assignment …………………………………………………………………………… 25
4.8 References/Further readings ………………………………………………………………………. 25
MODULE 3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 26
UNIT 5
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION …………………………………………………………………………………………. 26
5.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
5.1 Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 26
5.2 Greenhouse Gas Emission …………………………………………………………………………. 26
5.3 Gas’s Effect ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 27
5.4 Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions ……………………………………………………….. 28
5.5 Emissions and Trends …………………………………………………………………………………. 28
5.6 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
5.7 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 29
5.8 Tutor Marked Assignment ………………………………………………………………………….. 29
5.9 References/Further Readings ……………………………………………………………………… 29
UNIT 6:
POLLUTION ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
6.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
6.1 Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
6.2 Pollution …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 30
6.3 Kinds of Pollution ……………………………………………………………………………………… 31
6.3.1 Air Pollution ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 31
6.3.1.1 Examples of Air Pollution …………………………………………………………………………. 31
6.3.1.2 Control Measures …………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
6.3.2 Water Pollution ………………………………………………………………………………………… 32
6.3.2.1 Examples of Water Pollution ……………………………………………………………………. 32
6.3.2.2 Control Measures …………………………………………………………………………………….. 32
6.3.3 Land Pollution …………………………………………………………………………………………… 33
6.3.3.1 Examples of Land Pollution ………………………………………………………………………. 33
6.3.3.2 Control Measures …………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
6.4 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 33
6.5 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 33
6.6 Tutor Marked Assignment ……………………………………………………………………….. 34
6.7 References/Further Readings ………………………………………………………………….. 34
MODULE 4 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 35
UNIT 7:
EROSION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 35
7.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
7.1 Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
7.2 Erosion …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
7.3 Physical Processes ……………………………………………………………………………………. 36
7.4 Water Erosion ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
7.4.1 Rainfall …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
7.4.2 Rivers and Streams ………………………………………………………………………………….. 37
7.4.3 Coastal Erosion ………………………………………………………………………………………… 38
7.4.4 Glaciers ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
7.4.5 Floods ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
7.4.6 Freezing and Thawing ………………………………………………………………………………. 39
7.5 Wind Erosion ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 39
7.6 Gravitational Erosion ……………………………………………………………………………….. 39
7.7 Exfoliation ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40
7.8 Factors affecting erosion Rates ………………………………………………………………… 40
7.81 Precipitation and Wind Speed ………………………………………………………………….. 40
7.8.2 Soil Structure and Composition ………………………………………………………………… 40
7.8.3 Vegetation Cover ……………………………………………………………………………………… 41
7.8.4 Topography ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 41
7.9 Human activities that Increase Erosion Rates …………………………………………… 41
7.9.1 Agricultural Practices ……………………………………………………………………………….. 41
7.9.2 Deforestation ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 42
7.9.3 Roads and Urbanization ……………………………………………………………………………. 42
7.10 Climate Change ………………………………………………………………………………………… 43
7.11 Global Environmental Effects ……………………………………………………………………. 43
7.11.1 Land Degradation ……………………………………………………………………………………… 43
7.11.2 Sedimentation of Aquatic Ecosystems ………………………………………………………. 44
7.12 Airborne Dust Pollution …………………………………………………………………………….. 44
7.13 Monitoring, Measuring and Modeling Erosion …………………………………………. 45
7.14 Prevention and Remediation …………………………………………………………………….. 45
7.15 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 46
7.16 Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 46
7.17 Tutor Marked assignment ………………………………………………………………………… 46
7.18 References/Further Readings …………………………………………………………………… 46
UNIT 8:
DESERTIFICATION ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 47
8.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
8.1 Objectives …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 47
8.2 Desertification …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 47
8.3 Causes of Desertification …………………………………………………………………………….. 48
8.4 The Effects of Desertification ……………………………………………………………………… 49
8.5 Spread of Desertification …………………………………………………………………………….. 49
8.6 Desertification in Southern Africa ……………………………………………………………….. 49
8.7 How can Desertification be Halted/Control of the Environment …………………. 50
8.8 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 50
8.9 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 50
8.10 Tutor Marked Assignment …………………………………………………………………………… 50
8.11 References/Further Readings ……………………………………………………………………… 51
MODULE 5 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 52
UNIT 9:
STRATOSPHERIC OZONE …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 52
9.0 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
9.1 Objectives ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 52
9.2 Stratospheric Ozone …………………………………………………………………………………… 52
9.3 The Ozone Hole ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 55
9.4 Antarctica Ozone Theory ……………………………………………………………………………. 56
9.5 The Ozone Hole is the Result of a Series of Processes ………………………………… 56
9.6 Efforts to Reduce Chlorofluorocarbons in the Atmosphere ………………………… 57
9.7 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
9.8 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 58
9.9 Tutor Marked Assignment ………………………………………………………………………….. 58
9.10 References/Further Readings ……………………………………………………………………… 58
UNIT 10:
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO HEAT LOAD IN FARM ANIMALS ……………… 59
10.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59
10.1 Objectives …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 59
10.2 Physiological Factors Contributing to Heat Load in Farm Animals ………………… 59
10.3 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 61
10.4 Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 61
10.5 Tutor Marked Assignment ……………………………………………………………………………. 61
10.6 References/Further Readings ………………………………………………………………………. 62
UNIT 11:
GLOBAL VIEW ON THE ENVIRONMENT ………………………………………………………………………………. 63
11.0 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 63
11.1 Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 63
11.2 Global View on the Environment ……………………………………………………………………. 63
11.3 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 64
11.4 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 64
11.5 Tutor Marked Assignment ……………………………………………………………………………… 64
11.6 References/Further Readings …………………………………………………………………………. 66
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